Fort Sumter1 essays

Stronghold Sumter1 papers It would be putting it mildly to state that the Civil War caused appalling slaughter and left a legacy of melancholy and sharpness in its way. This war is maybe the most awful ever. Its epic accomplishments and uncanny battles merit it as a life-changing occasion ever, yet a war that took more than 600,000 lives. It was the main war battled on American soil by Americans, and thus the Civil War has consistently of intrigue. Amusingly, yet as anyone might expect, the Civil War despite everything stays an interesting occasion in American history. Barely any pioneers have confronted choices as troublesome as those facing Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis in April of 1861. In question was the loyalty of the northern level of slave states, faltering between the Union and their sister slave states. Past that, Lincoln needed to discover some approach to get all the states once more into the Union, and Davis to forestall it. This currently centered around Fort Sumter. With such a great amount of relying upon this Fort and the occasions encompassing the flare-up of the Civil War, it is basic to evaluate the shrewdness of Abraham Lincoln's choice to hold Fort Sumter, and Jefferson Davis' choice to take it. Situated on an island inside the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, and garrisoned by less then 100 U.S. troopers, Fort Sumter was to both North and South an image of national expert in the states professing to have withdrawn (McPherson 264). The 40 foot block dividers that were eight to twelve feet thick were intended to have the option to prevent anything from leaving or entering the harbor (McPherson 264). On December 20, 1861, following quite a while of sectional clash, the individuals of South Carolina reacted to the appointment of the primary Republican president, Abraham Lincoln, by casting a ballot consistently in show to withdraw from the Union. Inside about a month and a half five different states-Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana-followed South Carolina's model. From the get-go in February 1861 they met in Montgom... <!

Criminal Law and Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Law and Criminology - Essay Example As might be deduced from the above expressed, the subjectivism/objectivism banter adequately reflects the existent pressure between the standards of deed and equivalent culpability. The objectivist camp accepts that criminal risk ought to be constrained to what the individual really did, while the subjectivist camp maintains the extension of criminal obligation towards the grasp of the individual's perspective. In like manner, the objectivist camp maintains the guideline of deeds and the subjectivist camp that of equivalent culpability.3 The intricate idea of winning criminal law lies it that it is neither one nor the other yet looks for the grasp of the two positions. This loans to a few inquiries, all of which consolidate to underscore the contentions intrinsic in the law of criminal risk. The first of these inquiries relates to the idea of mens rea. ... According to the objectivist and the subjectivist separate, there are two responses to this. The first characterize goal as inferring that the operator would fundamentally perpetrate an offense in conveying it out.6 The subsequent reaction expresses that goal should just be required for the lead and the outcome components, however not for the situation components, of criminal attempts.7 (Husak, 1997). Disparate reactions, intelligent of the objectivism/subjectivism separate, just exacerbate the complexities inalienable in the assurance of criminal risk inside the setting of the law of endeavors. Dissimilar understandings of the idea of endeavor, as outlined in the first passage, are tricky while thinking about the import of endeavor inside the setting of English criminal law. As Lord Goddard kept up in Whybrow [1951]8 goal [is] the standard element of the wrongdoing. Indeed, the Criminal Attempts Act of 1981 has exemplified this principle.9 As expressed in the Criminal Attempts Act of 1981, If, with goal to carry out an offense to which this segment applies, an individual does a demonstration which is more than just preliminary to the commission of the offense, he is liable of endeavoring to perpetrate the offence.'10 The suggestion here is clear. In the event that an individual means to burglarize a house yet comes up short, he/she will be held at risk for proposed theft and on the off chance that he/she intended to go into a house and slaughter its tenants, yet comes up short, he/she will be held blameworthy of endeavored murder. On the off chance that, then again, an indi vidual enters a nursing home with the aim to loot, while realizing without a doubt that whenever seen by any of the occupants, the resultant caution and stun could actuate a respiratory failure finishing in death, he/she may be held blameworthy of endeavored burglary in spite of his/her insight into

Creative Stress Relief Activities

Creative Stress Relief Activities Stress Management Management Techniques Print Creative Stress Relief Activities By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on January 09, 2020 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living A good dog can be a great stress reliever. Here are some more that you may not have considered. Anthony Murphy/Moment/Getty Images Much has been written about the many effective ways to manage stress, such as meditation, breathing exercises, journaling, and other well-known strategies. Their benefits are proven, and theyre popular strategies for a reason. New Years resolutions often involve them, and adopting them as part of your daily life can add years to it. However, theyre not the only ways to relieve stress, and they may not even be the most effective ways for you to relieve stress. This is because the best stress management strategies are the ones that you enjoy enough to practice regularly.  If you dont actually have motivation for meditation, for example, or if journaling feels like work, you may not get any of the benefits of these strategies because you just wont do these things on a regular basis. Stress relievers that are truly enjoyable or that have built-in motivation features may be the best ones for you because theyre perhaps easier to incorporate into your life. Here are some that work well for many people: Playing With Pets For those who love animals, theres a special peaceful energy that comes from taking five or ten minutes to caress a cat or love up a dog. Other types of pets can be great stress-management tools as well: Fish, rabbits, and even rats can provide their own soothing benefits.  The best pets provide unconditional love and entertainment  and stay in our hearts as they help us remember to stay in the moment. How Having a Pet Affects Your Stress Levels Exercise Classes You probably already know that exercise is a great stress reliever, but creative exercise classes can provide you with extra help. The fun of learning something new can take your mind off your stressors, and the class atmosphere can foster a positive type of peer pressure to keep you wanting to show up - even when you really dont feel like working out.  Zumba, cardio kickboxing, and other classes can take the mind off of stress while helping promote health. Why You Should Exercise to Relieve Symptoms of Mental Illness Baking Many people really enjoy baking with their kids â€" its a fun tradition that helps parents and kids bond and stays in the present moment, and almost always ends in something warm and delicious. This can apply to many forms of baking, including classes or cooking with a spouse. Baking provides comforting aromas and soothing, repetitive motions to keep you in the now as youre baking and a delicious reward when youre done.  Put on an audiobook or some music if you dont have any helpers with you, and youll enjoy it even more! Laughter Seeking out situations that will bring out the laughter in you can help you relieve stress in a really fun way. Go ahead â€" be goofy! Consider the benefits to your health and well-being. Maintain a sense of humor about what stresses you, and youll be much less stressed by everything that life has to throw at you. How Laughter Can Relieve Stress Daydreaming Many people find themselves involuntarily daydreaming when bored at work. But visualizations are actually great for stress management as well, so daydream with pride! Vividly imagine your best memories, visualize your success or walk yourself through a peaceful walk on a secluded beach. Giving yourself a mental break in this way is a quick and fun way to step back from your stressors and start fresh. Visualization Techniques Can Help Manage Your Symptoms Sex! Now that youre paying attention, it should be mentioned that sex (with a worthy partner) can be a great stress reliever for several reasons, including lowered blood pressure, increased intimacy, and stress-relieving hormones. You may have an issue though if you find yourself too stressed for sex. How Sex Can Be Used as a Stress Management Technique

The UF Symphony Orchestra Performance I Saw Essay - 604 Words

I attended the UF Symphony Orchestra performance where the theme was of 1809. The works of Haydn, Beethoven and Mendelssohn were performed. In my opinion the best piece was Symphony No. 101 in D Major â€Å"The Clock† by Joseph Haydn. The opening movement itself was Adagio-Presto. The slow introduction draws you into the music, making you listen for the different instruments and tones that come and go. It helps to create a base from which the music will take off. It allowed me to paint a picture and change it accordingly with the music. When the music goes from slow and solemn to joyful and playful-like it you can fell, see and hear the difference in the tone color and dynamics. In this movement we experience the rocket theme and the†¦show more content†¦The third movement is the Minuet Trio: Allegretto. This movement is the typical dance-like theme, with its playful melodies and flowing chords. The fourth and final movement is the Finale: Vivace. In this movement th ere are lots of runs, crescendos and decrescendos throughout. It may go from a few musicians playing to the whole orchestra joining in. The flute is dominant in some parts of the sections. The tempo is once again quick and lively, but still contains its balance and restraint. The concert environment is different from those of musical performances such as jazz or hip-hop. When entering the auditorium the musicians are onstage warming up and preparing themselves for the performance. The audience members find seats suitable for their listening needs. The lights begin to dim signaling that the concert is about to begin. When the house lights are officially off the audience becomes silent and so does the performers onstage. Specific instruments play a single not at a time to make sure they are in tune with their fellow members. Once finished the conductor appears and the audience applauds. Many people did not know concert etiquette. Majority were dressed in street clothes, some were text ing and others were talking. A few times during the performance people sitting in the front rows would leave there seats only to return a few minutes later. People also

A Case Study Of The Bank Of Mauritius Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2543 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The central bank (CB) of a country is one that has the right and duty to lend money to the government and commercial banks, set monetary policies, supervise and regulate the activities of financial institutions, mainly banks (Kock 1974, p. 14). Clear differences exist between central banks and commercial banks.  [1]  The central bank of Mauritius, responsible for these functions, is known as the Bank of Mauritius. This chapter will focus mostly on the role and the position that the Central bank holds in a country such as Mauritius. The way the CB is organised and managed will help in understanding how the bank proceeds in ensuring compliance by commercial banks. History of the bank The Bank of Mauritius (BoM) was founded in September 1967 under the Bank of Mauritius Act, and was modelled on the Bank of England. The bank is led by a Governor, who is also the Chairman of the Board of Directors. The Governor is appointed by the actual President, on the reco mmendation of the Prime Minister, and is the principal representative of the Bank who is also responsible for its general supervision. The Governor is answerable to the Board of Directors, who is appointed by the finance minister. The bank was established in order to cater for the needs of a more developed and complicated financial system and monetary dealings. The BoM was formed with the help of senior officers of the Bank of England, along the line of the well-known Radcliffe Report as a separate organisation with a life of its own, capable of generating advice, views and proposals that are something more than a mere implementation of its superiors instructions.  [2]  In other words, the bank should be independent legally and politically. However, as pointed out by Chandran Jankee, associate finance professor at the University of Mauritius, the independence of the BoM is subject to some debate, since it is doubtful whether the government in power controls the bank or whethe r the bank is free from politics (Arouff 2009).  [3] After the creation of the BoM, our monetary system became more developed, such that the system moved from a Sterling Exchange Standard to that of a managed currency, implying that the flexible role of the monetary authority becoming more important.  [4]  The country gained more control over its currency. The BoM is not the only financial regulator of the country. The Financial Services Commission (FSC) is responsible for supervising non- bank financial institutions. There is interaction between the two regulators.  [5]  As stated by Mr. Meetarbhan (2007), the Joint Coordination Committee was launched in order to avoid conflicts between the two regulators, so that the two bodies work together to regulate the financial industry.  [6]  This union between the two regulators will lead to more efficiency and thus, the country will be in a better position to compete with other countries. Role, duty and functions of the Bank of Mauritius All CBs, including the Bank of Mauritius, have some common tasks. The principle of any regulatory authority in any economic and financial system is to primarily attempt to save troubled financial institutions.  [7]  According to the Bank of Mauritius Act 2004, the functions of the central bank are to: conduct monetary policy and manage the exchange rate of the rupee, taking into account the orderly and balanced economic development of Mauritius; regulate and supervise financial institutions carrying on activities in, or from within, Mauritius; manage, in collaboration with other relevant supervisory and regulatory bodies, the clearing, payment and settlement systems of Mauritius; collect, compile, disseminate, on a timely basis, monetary and related financial statistics; and manage the foreign exchange reserves of Mauritius.  [8] The goals of monetary policy include economic growth, low inflation and stability of the currency, high e mployment, interest rate and financial market stability amongst others (Presson and Tabellin 1995, p. 250). Without the involvement of the BoM in the setting of such objectives, the countrys financial situation and market would have been highly volatile, rendering the country not very attractive to invest in and uncompetitive. It is, furthermore, in charge of setting interest rates and controls the money supply. The bank will adjust its strategy depending on the economic situation of the country and the also the world economy. For instance, if the economy is in a period of economic prosperity, the bank will aim at a reduction in money supply in order to avoid inflation. It can do so by, for example, increasing the rate of interest. As a result, people will be more interested in saving money than spending, thus, reducing the money supply in circulation. Kock (1974, p. 34) declared that CBs fulfil the functions of agent, adviser of the Government and banker of both the latter and c ommercial banks.  [9]  The CB can also be considered to be the financial advisor of the government, as it helps in managing public debt and devise strategies and plans to reduce such debts. By so doing, the bank helps the government to sustain economic growth and tries to adjust any surplus or deficit in the Balance of Payment. This is one of the methods used by the central bank to control the value of the currency of the country. Another important function of the CB is the supervision and regulation of commercial banks, both domestic and offshore, under the Banking Act 2004. Nineteen banks fall under the regulation of the BoM. Additionally, it also supervise foreign exchange dealers and money changers, licensed under the Foreign Exchange Dealers Act as well as non-bank financial institutions authorised to take deposits under the Banking Act.  [10]  Freixas and Rochet (1998, p.257) claim that bank regulation is justified by market failures that can come from the presence of market power, the importance of externalities, or asymmetric information between buyers and sellers.  [11]  Without the supervision of the BoM, commercial banks may, for instance, launch a service which might be disadvantageous to their customers. They may even adopt dishonest practices to get rid of weak competitors. Commercial banks in Mauritius are regulated and supervised by the Bank of Mauritius under the Banking Act 2004 which replaced the 1988 Act, with a view to reinforce and modernise the regulatory and supervisory system as well as to provide for the legal framework for the establishment and operations of offshore banks domiciled in Mauritius.  [12]  The BoM and compliance officers of commercial banks normally work hand in hand. In order to be more efficient, the Banking Committee chaired by the Governor of the Bank and comprising Chief Executive Officers of banks formerly holding a Category 1 Banking Licence decided to set up a Committee between the Regulato r and the Compliance Officers (Committee) of those banks to serve as a platform for interaction on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) issues.  [13]  The bank should ensure that financial institutions adopt policies and procedures designed to control and manage risks effectively. As the regulator, it should monitor system-wide factors that might have or potentially have a negative impact on the financial condition of financial institutions.  [14]  The BoM holds a major part in the compliance practices of other financial institutions.  [15] Powers of the BoM  [16] The powers of the CB of Mauritius are mainly set out in the section 6 of the Bank of Mauritius Act 2004. Contrary to what many people may believe, CBs are not all-powerful. They have limited powers to put their policies into effect because of many constraints, both economic and political. One of the powers of the BoM is to provide financial services and facilities (depo sits, lending money etc..) to the Government, institutions and funds controlled by the Government, to financial institutions, any statutory or corporate bodies as the Board may approve, and to the receiver and manager or the liquidator of any financial institution in liquidation. In general, the bank has the power to deal with anything regarding the foreign exchange reserve and market. It can adopt relevant policies to deal with the development and any fluctuation in the money market. The bank has also some discretionary powers for the sale and re-purchase of bonds, treasury bills and any type of securities; in other words, it has the capacity of raising funds for the government. Besides of raising fund from the public, it can also borrow money from international institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund for any project which the board may approve. The CB of Mauritius has also the authority of controlling many issues concerning other financial bodies , such as, appointing any other financial institutions to act as its agents in Mauritius, and any other financial institutions abroad to act as its agents or correspondents abroad. It is able to regulate the fees and charges in respect of services provided by financial institutions and with the consent of the Minister, subscribe to, hold and sell shares of any corporation or company set up for the purpose of facilitating economic development.  [17] As it can be seen above, the BoM has several powers which it must employ with precaution, and within the legal and moral framework of the country. It must also be noted that, if ever the BoM, namely the Governor, makes abuse of his powers, he can be removed and replaced by the Prime Minister. Effectiveness of the Bank The CB will be effective in achieving its goals and objectives if it co-ordinates its various policies and fiscal policies made by the government, so that they can go side by side without hindering each other. If ever there is a clash between the policies, then the desired results will not be obtained. BoM regulation of commercial banks is essential, since without it, the dealings and affairs of these banks will become arbitrary. Since its establishment, the bank has been quite successful in achieving its objects. Except in some cases, where commercial banks have gone off track, like the case of MCB/NPF  [18]  . However, one cannot expect the central bank of a country to be perfect. As the ex Governor of the BoM, Ramesh Basant Roi, rightly said, The Board of Directors provides for the checks and balances in the event that abuses of authority are detected. Governors are not faultless Buddha. An example of the effectiveness of the BoM is present in this case, whereby the Bank adopted an approach that best served the welfare of the countrys financial sector and the economy. The BoM made sure that the measures taken by the MCB to fully restore its internal controls and procedures are carr ied through and that such controls are properly implemented and procedures are strictly followed.  [19] Independence of the BoM An independent central bank is not affected by political pressures and is free to set its policies without worrying about the consequences that such policies will have on the image of the government in power.  [20]  Such independence is very essential if a central bank wants to achieve its objectives.  [21]  A paper written by Carlstrom and Fuerst (2006, P. 2) pointed out that, if central banks are pressed on to adopt measures which seem beneficial, like inflating the currency in the short run to deliver a more favourable exchange rate, a higher output rate, or a lower level of inflation-adjusted debt. Such short-run inducement may contravene the aim of long-run price stability. One good example of the advantages of having an independent central bank is the case of New Zealand, whose average annual inflation dropped from 7.6% to 2.7% afte r giving more independence to the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. New Zealand Bank is ranked among the most independent ones. Even though the fall in inflation rate cannot be wholly attributed to the greater independence given to the bank, it has played a key role in achieving this target.  [22] Whenever the government interferes in the matters of the central bank, it is not always for the banks own good. Most of the time, not always though, ministers will be biased by their political situation, in giving suggestions and recommendations. To better illustrate this, let us consider a situation whereby the country is in a period of general election. The government in power will try to induce the population to vote for them, and thus, it may issue guidelines to the central bank to adopt measures which will look favourable now, but not that beneficial in the long run, just to look good in the eyes of the public. Because the bank does not have to worry about influencing an electorate to vote for it, it is more likely to act in the best long-run interests of the economy. For the case of the BoM, according to the law, the bank is an independent bank, because the Governor is accountable to the Board and not the parliament. This has been set out in the Bank of Mauritius Act 2004 for good reasons. The Bank has to be protected against the influence of politicians. It is the Governor who is responsible of formulating guidelines and policies. However, some have raised the question whether the bank is really independent politically, and not just in theory. When some argue that the BoM is run by the Governor, others claim that it is run both by the minister of finance and the Governor. As a consequence, there might be conflicts when drafting policies. While the Governor might be motivated by some factors, the minister might be motivated by others, more political ones. The fact that both the Governor and the Board are appointed by members of the Parliament implies that the government is bound to step into the matters of the bank.  [23]  The Prime Minister will not appoint someone who is against his opinions and way of doing things. If he feels that the Governor is not acting in accordance of his will, then he may devise a mean to make him step down and appoint someone else. However, given that it is the Board who has the power to direct and instruct the Governor to proceed in accordance with the majoritys decision at the Board level, may imply that if the government has no control over the Board, then it will not have any control over the running of the bank. It must be noted again that the Board also is appointed by the Minister of Finance. As a result, some members of the Board might be more committed to the Minister instead of the Governor. The case of the Ex Governor, Mr. Ramesh Basant Roi, may put some doubt on the autonomy of the Bank. Since he was removed from office as he was not in agreement with the then Minister of Finance. Most members of the Board were also against him. He was clear about the fact that the central bank should be completely free from political pressure. He said in an interview accorded to LExpress newspaper on the 12th April 2008, Under normal circumstances the fact remains that a central bank can and should ignore governments policy priority if it suspects attempts of misuse of certain levels of power to meet political ends at the expense of price stability or even growth. I reiterate that central banks have long term policy goals. But governments have short-term policy goals and interests.  [24]  According to him, the government should avoid interfering in the matters of the Central Bank, in order to have a sound financial industry and ensure that financial institutions do indeed comply with laws and regulations established.  Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Case Study Of The Bank Of Mauritius Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Sample Business Plan for Cafeteria Free Essays

CHARMAINE (The Battle of Good and Bad Toys) Charmaine is a 10-year old girl grew up with the care of her grandparents. She spends most of her time in her room playing with her toys since her lola doesn’t allow her to go outside and play with other children. It became a norm to her not to speak and just to burst all her emotions alone†¦with the toys. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Business Plan for Cafeteria or any similar topic only for you Order Now ***Opening paragraph introduces the main character (very briefly,) and the situation or point of change that starts the story. Her wish was granted one Christmas eve; that all her toys could have their lives. While asleep, her toys came to life but is divided – the good toys and the bad toys. The bad toys get Charmaine’s body for they believe that in their world, Charmaine would be happier. The good toys stand with the reason that no matter how the child is taken for granted, she still belongs in the real world. ***Here is the conflict—the battle of the good and bad toys began because of different beliefs. As the battle continues to rise, as the bad toys tried their best in convincing that they can give the unconditional love and attention that Charmaine is always wanted. The little child was confused for at some point she realizes that in her life, all that she has is herself, and her toys that never left her, that never got tired of being with her, that accepts her and always ready to listen. But the good toys never stop making them realize the truth, that only her family can love Charmaine and give her the feeling of contentment. Because of her good heart despite the pain she has been through, Charmaine chose to think of all the things she has and appreciate the effort of her grandparents for raising her up. She stood by the good toys with the thought that somehow, the bad toys will understand her and hope that her grandparents will realize that every child needs undivided attention, unconditional love, company and freedom to let them live every minute of their lives in its fullest. ***This paragraph serves several functions: we learn  Good toy’s selflessness for no matter how they want to be with Charmaine in their world, they still chose to bring back the girl to the reality and Charmaine’s understanding and good heart for still appreciating life and love despite things she is longing for – love, attention, care and freedom. How to cite Sample Business Plan for Cafeteria, Essay examples

Financial Decision Making Entry

Questions: 1. How can they relate to the workplace? 2. How they can aid your personal and professional development? 3. Remember to be specific and give examples? Answers: 1. The Cost Volume Profit analysis (CVP) generally assists the managers of an organization to understand the associations that are present within the input costs, profit level and the sales volume. Therefore, it can be said that this CVP analysis is considered as an instrument that is mostly used by the managers of the businesses for making better decisions regarding its operations (Tan 2013). Moreover, the managers of the workplace can also illustrate the break-even point, its analysis and the contribution margin of the business by the help of the CVP analysis. Additionally, the CVP analysis helps in providing a detailed picture of the activities of the organization. On the other hand, the budgeting is considered as the internal part that helps in regulating a business effectively. The reason behind this is that the budget serves as an action plan for the managers of the workplace. Thus, the budgeting helps an organization to plan an action for running the business and also to measure the performance of the organization at the end of the year (Hope and Fraser 2013). 2. Based on the above study, it can be said that the budgeting and CVP analysis will help in both personal and professional development. The reason behind this is that the importance of using budgeting and CVP analysis in an organization has influenced much and their significance will help an individual to implement these either in his own personal business or in his workplace for betterment of the firm. 3. Example of CVP Analysis Example of Budgeting References Tan, K., 2013. An Income Statement Teaching Approach for Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis by Using a Companys CVP Model.Journal of Accounting and Finance, v. 11, no. 4, p. 23-36. Hope, J. and Fraser, R., 2013.Beyond budgeting: how managers can break free from the annual performance trap. Harvard Business Press.

April Fools Essays - Belinda, College Buddies, April Fools

April Fools Essays - Belinda, College Buddies, April Fools April Fools Introduction There was a group of friends that was very united. They were always together. They had a great friendship, and were recognized for it. This group of friends consists of: ? Belinda: a responsible girl that cares for others. ? Hildy: a nice girl who is very friendly. ? Frank: the oldest of the 3 and also the most irresponsible; usually gets in trouble. The story is about this group that, as I said, was very unite, until April Fools, the day that changed their lives. All began where there was going to be a party out of town, and Frank who was the only one with an I.D. was the one to drive. The problem was that in the party he exceeded in beers, and because his state of unconsciousness he didn't know what he did. The topic of this story is nonfiction and the setting is New York. April Fools by Richie T. Cusick. Chapter 1 Belinda was starting her day at school as normal. She arrived to school without knowing that she will suddenly be very scared. She got to Hildy and they started chatting. Then, Frank came with a good new: " There's gonna be a party this Saturday at my friends house, you are invited." That was his words. This party was of some college buddies of Frank?s older brother. That Saturday will always be present in Belinda?s mind. That Saturday no one wondered of what was going to happen. Everyone thought it will be a great party and that everything will go wonderful. This party was out of town and on...on April Fool's Day. Yes, it was going to be on April 1st. That week no one talked of anything that was not about the party. Around the school the only thing that was heard was: "This party will be great." Of course, that there was going to be beers, as in any college party. Belinda at first had her doubts. She was a minor and she knew her mother wouldn't let her go. All that week Belinda was the only one that didn't know if she was going. Frank, that was a very good friend, but he sometimes was very irresponsible, (he was like the worst in the group) convinced her of going, and the excuse was that she will stay at Hildy?s house as any other weekend to rent some movies. Chapter 2 With this excuse, her mother let her go, trusting her. Belinda was happy and quickly went to Hildy?s. There she dressed up and was ready for the party. Since Frank was the only one with an I.D. he was the one to drive. He arrived to Hildy?s and picked both of them and went to the party. At the party, everyone danced and drank and smoked and had a lot of fun. The party was going well and Belinda was having a lot of fun. She and Frank danced almost all night, the same as Hildy. Hildy noticed that Frank was drinking too much, and this was when the problem started. Hildy wanted to leave the party, because if no, everything might turn worse. She tried to convince Frank of leaving, but Frank, with his state of unconsciousness didn't know what was happening, and since he had the facility to drink more, he wanted to stay. Finally, Belinda and Hildy forced Frank to leave. The problem will now be worse... Chapter 3 While driving back home, Belinda and Hildy were scared about Frank?s situation and wanted to get back home the sooner they can. Frank started joking, but these jokes were for bad. He took a shortcut that his brother recommended, where there wasn't likely to be any highway patrol near the airport. Of course that Belinda and Hildy rejected, but they couldn't do anything against Frank. Frank had started feeling sick, but there was nowhere to pull off on the narrow downhill stretch, and it was so curvy dangerous, and Belinda was so frightened. That's when another car pulled up behind them, honking, trying to pass. By this time, a terrible storm was present. Belinda had peered out through the rain on the back window, but hadn't been able to see any faces and the car kept

Offendotron and Microagression

Offendotron and Microagression Offendotron and Microagression Offendotron and Microagression By Maeve Maddox New words for me this week are offendotron and microagression. Both relate to a much-discussed topic: giving and taking offense. I found the word offendotron in an article by Martin Daubney. I couldn’t find it in either the OED or Merriam-Webster, but the Urban Dictionary defines it: offendotron: Person offended by anything, however innocuous. Like offendotron, microaggression has yet to make it into my big dictionaries, but unlike the O word, microaggression already enjoys wide use. According to an article on the blog Ricochet, the Student Government Association at Ithaca University in upstate New York, â€Å"concerned about the problem of microaggression,† is considering the creation of a tracking system â€Å"that students can use to anonymously report incidents of perceived bias on campus.† The word was coined by Harvard professor Chester Pierce in 1970 as a term for â€Å"the insults and dismissals† inflicted on black Americans by non-black Americans. Since then, the meaning has been expanded to include sexist and other remarks: The concept of microaggression has leapt from the shadows of academic writing into the bright light of general conversation, especially in the wake of widely consulted work by professors Derald Wing Sue and Madonna Constantine over the last seven or so years. Microaggressions, as these academics describe them, are quiet, often unintended slights- racist or sexist- that make a person feel underestimated on the basis of their color or gender.- John McWhorter, Time Magazine, March 21, 2014. Aggression is an openly hostile act against someone. Aggressors are conscious that they are being offensive. Microaggression, on the other hand, is an act that is not necessarily perceived as hostile by the person who commits it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?3 Cases of Complicated HyphenationSentence Adverbs

Airline industry and Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Airline industry and Internet - Essay Example In the paper the increased affordability of the passenger in respect of the ticketing facility has been focused. The expansion of services and the future benefits expected by the use of internet has also been dealt, with special reference to the Web 2.0 technology. The study deals with the revolutionary impact of Internet on the Airline industry. 1. Introduction: The improvement in technology has occurred in leaps in bounds over the decade. The popularity of technology has caused automation in almost every sector. The rise in use of technology has made the world technology dependent. In the present generation a task is performed with lot f ease and without the waste of any time. The inculcation of technology on the airline industry has benefitted significantly from the customers point of view. A wide range of services are in offer for the customers and ads further comfort in their air travel. The daily innovations in this field are opening up possibilities for further development and betterment of services being provided. 2. Ticketing without Queuing Airline industry has proved its dominance in the travel industry. Air-travel being the sole mode of transport in the entire overseas destination is one of the primary causes of its steady market. Other than the overseas travel, many passengers in domestic travel also opt for the mode because of the time factor and for availing a smooth travel. The facility of e-ticket services provided by all the airlines is surely one of the facilities provided in the airline industry. The automation in the airline ticketing system provided by the internet has also resulted in the increased revenue for the industry. Customers can order the ticket online, pay for through their credit cards and also get an e-version of the ticket within a short frame of time by accessing the internet. The introduction of airline ticket sale through the website of the company and through the travel websites has created a revolution in the ticket sale . Other than the time factor associated and the ease of the online ticket purchase consumers also have an opportunity to access a lot of options with different airlines before making a final decision. They also enjoy the factor of price transparency and compare the price options across different airlines. (Rubin & Joy, 2005, 223) Over the internet customers can take an in-depth knowledge of the different flights of their desired location and the variety of service offered by each of them. In purchasing tickets online consumers do not need to possess a great knowledge in Information technology. The platforms built for online ticket booking are very much user friendly and requires primary information to be feed in by the user. On successful filling of the information and making the necessary choice, customers can get an e-ticket. In purchasing an air ticket online passengers also can avail varieties of offers and discounts on the price, based on certain terms and conditions. The basic requirements for online booking of air ticket are a computer, internet connectivity and valid credit card. The popularity of the online booking system can be found from the table which studies the total number of online bookings made in the United States over the years. With the passage of time the modernization in technology is bringing in added service for the air passengers worldwide. Year Total number of on-line air ticket buyer % of total US airline booking 1999 48.1 5.9 2000 54.2 7.4 2001

Argument and Persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument and Persuasion - Essay Example She boldly wrote her description and criticism Woolf presents one side of the argument where she so much rely on women freedom and right by indicating that men are the cause of all problems women have in the society i.e. where she says that many challenges that women fight when they are pursuing their professional endeavors like doctors, lawyers , teachers etc. . They are held back by their fears and doubts as well as society’s beliefs and judgment which Woolf claims is caused by men domination To provide a good example whereby Virginia relies so much on one side of argument, when she talks about a â€Å"Phantom† as a barrier that women should do away with for them to reach their objective. In my view â€Å"phantom† is anything everybody, despite of sex, class and kind has his/her own phantom. It basically presents obstacles of the mind. It’s associated with negative feelings that is between us and our aspiring and holds us back from maintaining the success (Woolf 67-9). We must learn to break to improve ourselves and wolf says â€Å"it is harder to kill a phantom than a reality† (275).Woolf uses some metaphors to explain his argument about the â€Å"phantom.† She compares it to an â€Å"angel†, and refers to her as angel of the â€Å"The Angel of the House† (274), and argues that â€Å"it was she who bothered me and wasted my time and so tormented me that at last I killed her†, and she went ahead and describes her br iefly: â€Å"she was intensely sympathetic. She was immensely charming†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (274) Virginia Woolf creates a link between the audience and the speaker, she creates awareness that the audience in the subject is mainly women and her main subject of focus is feminism. In her lines like â€Å"†¦I have come here out of respect for you, who are in process of showing us by your experiments what a woman is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this line appeals to women crowd only. Woolf appeal strongly by ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos is established in his book

Chocolate Industry Analysis

Chocolate Industry Analysis Marketing is the process by which customer needs are anticipated and identified. Ways are found of meeting those needs at a price that consumers are prepared to pay and which allows the business to make a profit For launching a new product we use PESTLE or SWOT strategies and let us Consider that we are launching a new chocolate product . Factors that should be consider while launching a new product i.e Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental and the questions we should take under Consideration What are the key political factors likely to affect the chocolate industry? What are the important economic factors of chocolate industry? What are the cultural aspect of chocolate industry? What are the technological innovations ? What current and impending legislation may affect the industry? What are the environmental considerations? Situational Analysis of chocolate industry and market tactics To launch a new chocolate product we must analyze the role of the marketing function in a business, we are going to follow through what might have happened in the marketing of a major new chocolate bar and the major economical , political and technological factors that affects the chocolate industries. 1. Assessing the market The market for chocolate bars is highly competitive. There are a small number of large firms in the industry Mars, Cadbury, Nestlà © and Suchard being the most well known. Many of the brands in the market have been in existence for a long time and have a high amount of brand loyalty. Openings for new products therefore, are limited. There are many examples of products that have been launched and have been withdrawn because they could not sustain long-term sales success. Can you remember the Prize Bar, Aztec and Junglies? The market for certain types of chocolate bar has changed in recent years. The growth of the so called count-line bar (shaped like Mars bars) became popular as people ate chocolate on the go as opposed to sitting down in a room with a traditional bar of chocolate. Companies had to respond to these changes. Row tree (now owned by Nestlà ©) changed the shape of their Aero bar and Cadbury brought out a rival bar called Wispa. Both of these were designed to exploit this growing market. The market is still changing but using chocolate as a snack as opposed to sharing a bar amongst a family. Giving a chocolate bar as a gift is still a growing part of that market. The UK chocolate market is the biggest in all European market. People in the United Kingdom consume more chocolate than any other Country in Europe. Mintel said the UK consumed 3.5 billion pounds ($5.6 billion) worth of chocolate in 2008, more than any other European country, with only Germany, which has more than 20 million more people, coming close at 3.4 billion pounds Some of the famous brands are Mars (http://www.mars.com/) Cadbury Schweppes (http://www.cadburyschweppes.com/EN/Brands/) Nestlà © (http://www.nestle.co.uk/) Suchard (http://www.kraftafh.co.uk/Cultures/en-GB/Brands/Suchard/) Amul Chocolate Boost Club Mint In December 2009,the market research company, showed Cadburys chunk of the chocolate market by value slipped 1.7 per cent to 29.8 per cent last month, the first time that it has fallen below 30 per cent all year. Market share of Mars, its biggest rival, slipped 0.6 per cent in the period. Kraft, which makes Milka and Toblerone, increased its market share by 0.7 per cent to 5 per cent, while Nestlà © raised its share 1.2 per cent to 20.4 per cent of the market.. The market research firm estimated the British chocolate market would be worth 4.4 billion pounds by 2013 2. Identifying a gap in the market Once the market has been analyzed, it might become clear that there is a gap in the market. What this means is that, there is an identifiable customer need that is not currently being met by an existing product. It could also be where a rival might have a presence and where the company concerned believes it could offer a competitive alternative. Market research, which in many cases is on-going, will have given the business some idea of the nature of the market and the extent of the possible market. It may be that further research is used to target particular market segments that the business feels will be the ones most likely to purchase this product and what it is they want out of the product. Much of this will be used to inform the marketing mix. 3. Developing the product Quite often businesses in this particular industry want to develop a brand personality. What this means is that they will want consumers to associate something specific with the product. KitKat for example, is associated with a break, making it the perfect accompaniment to a cup of tea or coffee. The personality of the product will be in line with the market research and analysis carried out. The ingredients, the look of the product, its texture when eaten, its name and packaging, and how it will be promoted will all be key factors that will be informed by the development of the brand personality. A very good example of this process is the development of Yorkie. Yorkie was developed as a contribution to the count-line bar market. It aimed to use the concept of a chunky chocolate bar but in a different format to allow it to be eaten on the go. The key thing to emphasise was the chunky nature of the chocolate,and to do that Rowntree developed its early marketing around the length of time it would last and it being an ideal accompaniment for long journeys. The trucker image stuck and gave the bar a masculine personality. In recent years, this has been exploited with a deliberate campaign suggesting that it is so chunky it is not for girls for! 4. Product testing Once these stages are gone through, the product is likely to have to be tested. People may be given choices of different names or different packaging prototypes to see what consumer reaction are. It may be that this type of problem has been resolved at an earlier stage, in which case more substantial user testing may be used by virtue of a test-market. This may be a selected region of the country where there is a profile of users that is representative of the country as a whole. Using test markets gives relatively accurate feedback but is also much cheaper than a national launch, which might not see the product doing as well as anticipated. Remember that to feed a market, the capital investment has to be there to back it up. If the test market showed that the product was going to be very popular, the business would have to ensure that sufficient capacity was available prior to a national launch. You would certainly not want to have a product launched and people not be able to get hold of it! Image: User testing is an important aspect of marketing strategy it gives a good idea of the likely market reaction without incurring the costs of a national launch. Media and marketing implementation Most often than not but, It is very difficult to convince a customer to buy a certain product if they do not understand the product. We need to make a strategy for marketing new product in the market so that we can achieve our target. Without a bullet proof plan to attract customers, your efforts will most likely be inefficient. we should ensure that Businesses should focus what a customer needs and what he is looking in the product .so that we can make a long term profitable customer relationship . This means that you need a plane to know customer more closely in a flexible way so that whenever need we can change our product according to our customers perceptions and demand. On the other hand, your marketing scheme should be focused on identifying and communicating the benefits of your business is offering to its target market. You will then need to monitor and maintain its effectiveness. Advertising new products Market part is an essential factor for a successful marketing strategy and if we are able to recognized the different market areas that allows a business to make fruitful and more efficient decisions in regard to advertising new quality products. This is the lock pick to understanding the different kind of needs of different types of customers. Once you have divide your market in different categorizes, you will then be able to formulate marketing activities that will ensure your targeted audience to know about the products or services you are offering and why they need them in their lives. We can achieved this through the various kind of advertising, since customer knowns what they want exactly want and motivate them,. You must have to hit your targeted audience to feel like that they must need to purchase whatever it is you are offering is the best product in the market. So that they buy our product and increase our sales How to launch new product and their strategies Gigantic changes are going on in the world and marketing strategies are no exemptions to that. Businesses should think outside the box. Observe who is doing better and try to imitate them or better yet, outwit them. It will greatly benefit your company to do market research in order to determine your potential market and make changes to your current marketing strategy. This is mainly done to draw uninterested customers to at least give your business a try. Your new product launch should make enough noise to ensure that it will remain in customers memories and entice them to really try it. With the various media available today, you can maximize your visibility by not limiting your business to one media. You can turn your company around by doing a major brand makeover. If there are not a lot of people who are buying your product or service, then perhaps its because they literally do not see you. This is not a time when businesses are allowed to sober down on marketing techniques, just because the economy is going down. Once the economy gets back on track chances are, people will no longer remember those that were not visible in the market during this time. You have to make your business a household name so people will remember you long after this global recession is over. We can use Marketing mix (4ps)strategy to launch our final product Marketing Mix (4ps ) Introduction The marketing mix principles are controllable variables which have to be carefully managed and must meet the need of the defined target group. All elements of the mix are linked and must support each other Marketing Mix Price Products Promotion Place Target Market Pricing mix Strategy It is one of the most important part of the marketing mix strategies. Pricing is a mix which generates a revenue for an organization. The remaining 3ps strategies are the output for the organization . We know that it costs to produce and design a product, promote a product and also to distribute it. Pricing is very difficult and must reflect supply, demand relationship. Pricing a product too high or too low, could mean loss of sales for the organization. The following factors should be taken into account: Objectives of the Company Fixed and variable costs of the product Target the group and their willingness to pay Competition with leading organization Proposed Positioning strategies An organization can adopt different types of pricing strategies. The pricing strategies are based on what g the goal the organization has set itself to archive Penetration Pricing We can set a low price to our product to increase the market shares and sales of the products is called penetrating pricing Skimming Pricing When the company sets higher price of the product initally and then drop down the price to make the product available in the widerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..The objectives is to skim profits of market layer bye layer,this strategy is popular within the games console industry Competition Pricing . setting a price in comparison with competitions . a firm has three options, pricing lower, pricing the same or pricing the higher Product line pricing Pricing different products within the same product range at different price points. An example would be DVD recorders with different features and different prices.The greater the features and the benefits obtained the greater the consumer will pay. The form of pricing discrimination assists the company in maximizing turnover and profits Bundle Pricing The organization bundles a group of products at a reduced price , this pricing strategy is popular with supermarkets Psychological pricing The seller will consider the psychology of price and the positioning of price within the market place. The seller will therefore charge 99p instead of 1 pound or 199 $ instead of 200$ Premium pricing The price set is high to reflect the exclusiveness of the product . An example of product using this strategy would be Harrods , first class airline services. Porsche etc Optional pricing The organization sells optional extras along with the product to maxmise within the car sidustry Product strategy The marketing mix consist of product, pricing, place and promotion strategies that a firm uses to help them reach their objectives The marketing min principels are controllable variable which have to be carefully managed and must meet the needs of the defined target group. All elements of the mix are linked and must support each other. When an organization introduces a product into a market,they must ask themselves a number of questions: Who is the product aimed at ? What benefit will they expect? How do they plan to position the product within the market? What differential advantage will the product offer over their competitors? Philip Kotle suggested that a product should be viewed in three levels Level 1:Core product . what is the core benefit your product offers?. Customers who purchase a camera are buying more than just a camera they are purchasing memories. Level 2: Actual production: all cameras capture memories . the aim is to ensure that your potential customers purchase your one. The strategy at this level involves organizations branching , adding features and benefits to ensure that their product offers a differential advantage from their competitors Level 3 : Argument product: What additional non-tangible benefits can you offers? Competition at the level is based around after sales service, warranties, delivery . A retail departmental store that offers a free five year gurrantee on purchase of their television sets gives their customers the additional benefits of peace of mind over five years should the purchase develop a fault. Total production concept Argument production Total production core production Product strategy Product decision Branding Quality Features Benefits offered Product Decisions When placing a product within a market many factors and decision have to be taken into consideration. These include: Product- Will the designe be the selling point for the organization . Product quality: Quality has to consistent with other elements of the marketing mix .A high quality product maybe reflected in the price Branding: in principles of marketing , By Philip Kotler and gary Armstrong a brand is defined as a name .term, sign symbol or a combination of these , that identifies the market or seller of the product, A brand must stand out and be recognizable, and should help the firm differentitate itself from its competitors Product features: Additional features should increae the benefit offered to you r target market. The firm may decide to change more for these additional features. Place Strategy The marketing mix principles are controllable variables which have to be carefully managed and must meet the needs of the defined target group. All elements of the mix are linked and must support eachother. Strategies of distribution ? Two types of distribution strategies are available. Indirect distribution involves distributing your product by using of an intermediary for example a manufacturing selling to a wholesaler and then on to the retailer. Direct distribution involves distributing direct from a manufacturing to the consumer. For example we can use direct selling like dell computers. To sell the product directly to its target customers will provide us more benefits. The advantage of direct distribution is that it gives a manufacturing complete control over their product. Place strategies Manufacturer Consumer Manufacturer Retailer Consumer Direct Distribution Indirect Distribution Depending on the type of product being distributed there are three common distribution strategies available Intensive distribution: Used commonly to distribute low priced or impulse purchase products For example Chocolates, soft drinks. Exclusive Distribution: involves limiting distribution to a single outlet. The product is usually highly priced, and requires the intermediary to place much details in its sell. Promotion strategy A successful product or service means nothing unless the benefit of such a product or service can be communicated clearly to target market An organization promotional mix can consist of: Advertising Sales promotion Public relations Direct Mail Personal selling Internet promotion Public relations: This involves developing positive relationship with the organization media public . The art of good public relation in not only to obtain favorable publicity within the media , but it is also involves being able to handle successfully negative attention Sales promotion : Commonly used to obtain an increase in sles short terms. Could involve using money off coupons or special offers, loyality cards, coupons , Price promotions for example BOGOF, point of sales ,Packaging promotion or web coupons Personal Selling: One to one selling is called personal selling. This can either be done face to face or we can use other media of direct selling like phone or internet Direct Mail: is the sending of publicity material to a named person within an organization. The aim of direct marketing is to creat one to one relationship with the organization target market. Direct marketing can come in the form of post, email, telephone calls and mail order. The company usually contracts a named person at the address. Internet Marketing : The use of the world wide web(www) for the promotion of product or services. This could be the firm advertising via the use of banner ads, flash videos, or google kewords. 5. After all the analysis we can launch our chocolate bar. The significant amount of money is required to develop a new product and this money can be larger to develop new product, and the hope is that once we launched the product, the product will begin to start to get back some of that investment. At the first stage, the product will need further expenditure to support it and make sure that customers know about it. For chocolate bars, the secret is to get people trying it, but to follow that up by buying it again and again and again for many years. In other words, repeat purchases are essential in a fast-moving consumer goods market. During this early stage, managing the cash flow of the product will be important. This will mean balancing the returns of the product from sales with the on-going costs of production and marketing. If these get out of balance, the future of the product will be called into question and it may be worthwhile pulling the product before any further costs are incurred and cutting your losses. To manage the launch and development of a product, therefore, marketing tactics will really come to the fore. It will be important to keep a close link with consumers to find out what they think and also to keep the brand in their horizon amongst the competition. Sometimes this might be something simple like getting your product displayed prominently in shops so that impulse buyers select your product or customers are drawn to your product at the expense of rivals. This in turn will mean having sales people with good relationships with retailers. Finally, maintaining cash flows in the short term will also be determined by the success of the advertising and promotional campaigns that are developed. Does the firm go for traditional TV ads along with ads in magazines and billboards or does it go for more guerrilla marketing techniques to raise awareness? Should it have an online presence many branded products have Web sites of their own, for example? http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article6959667.ece http://www.coursework.info/University/Business_and_Administrative_studies/Marketing/PESTLE_ANALYSIS_and_5_FORCES_ANALYSIS_-_L95526.html http://www.brand-new-advertising.com/ http://www.bized.co.uk/educators/16-19/business/marketing/lesson/tactics1.htm END HERE

Culture and Visual Entertainment Media

Generally speaking, visual media has shaped American culture and its values in many ways due to the fact an average American spends most of their free time watching television. In the aspect when television first came out they avoided controversial issues because it was considered taboo to speak about them. Therefore, they made shows geared towards families living the good life with a mom at home and dad at work. This era instilled values of respect and self worth with little controversy. However, as time passed technology evolved and so did visual media. Visual entertainment began to develop into more controversial issues that changed the way we viewed the world. For instance, entertainment media began to talk about racism and mistreatment towards others; this lead Americans into the civil rights movement and equal treatment for everyone regardless of their skin color. This became the foundation that allowed other shows to step outside the box and begin to broadcast more controversial issues. Shows began to reflect life as a single parent and women entering the work force; therefore changing the value of what people considered to be a normal family. In this era divorce rates went up and many women began working towards establishing careers outside the home. As years passed, so did visual media. Cable television began to dominate the airwaves and became a popular way for people to receive media entrainment. This form of entertainment had no problem broadcasting issues such as sex, drugs, violence, and politics. Cable also made it easy for viewers to watch adult content and violent films at any moment of the day; therefore changing the way we view ourselves, others, and the world around us. I personally believe most social influences are mainly negative because people enjoy the controversy of sex, drugs, and violence. Advertisement, movies, and music compete for your attention; therefore most of them are geared towards body image and violence. Not to mention, some celebrities can openly express their opinion to children on what is considered to be acceptable behavior and what is not

Explain why Germany and her allies were defeated in WWI and assess their treatment in the 1918/1919 settlement

There were many factors that played a part in Germany's defeat in World War One, and none of them can be singularly attributed to its loss. Despite this, some factors did play a more important part than others. Some of the major factors were America's entry into the war, low morale in Germany, and Germany's Ludendorrf Offensive. The American entry into the war was a major factor contributing to Germany's defeat. When the Americans declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, they provided a huge injection of funds, soldiers and productive capacity to the Allies' war effort. The millions of American soldiers that were sent overseas in 1917 and 1918 were fit, young, and most importantly, fresh with relatively high morale compared to the other Allied soldiers. World War One was a war of attrition. The side that could wear down the enemy side first would be victorious. The contribution of the American soldiers, funds and resources to the Allied side allowed them to survive for longer than the Central Powers. Therefore, the entry of America into World War One was a major factor causing Germany's defeat. The Ludendorrf Offensive, which was launched on March 21, 1918, was a series of three offensives undertaken by the Germans to try to force an Allied surrender after the Russian withdrew from the war. With the Eastern front free, the Germans concentrated all their resources on the Western front to try to break the stalemate there. At first the Ludendorrf Offensive was successful, but the German troops advanced so fast that their supply lines could not keep up. This allowed the Allied forces to surround and defeat the stranded German troops. The Ludendorrf Offensive was a gamble by Germany. It required an input of high levels of resources, and as it was not successful, these resources were ultimately wasted. As World War One was a war of attrition, the Ludendorrf Offensive accelerated, if not caused, Germany's defeat. By 1917 and 1918, morale amongst the German people was very low. They had begun to lose faith in the war. An outbreak of Spanish Influenza in Europe had hit Germany, and had created unrest amongst the population. Shortages of consumer essentials spread widely throughout Germany. The Germany public began to resent the war, calling for â€Å"peace at any cost†. The production of munitions fell, and the weapons supply to the German soldiers fell to levels much lower than the Allies'. The low morale amongst the civilians and soldiers worsened the German position. Therefore, low morale amongst the troops and civilians on the German side was a major factor leading to Germany's defeat in World War One. There is no obvious single factor for Germany's defeat in World War One, but among the main reasons were the American's entry into the war, the Ludendorrf Offensive, and the low morale among soldiers and civilians at the home front. The Treaty of Versailles was the culmination of the 1918/1919 peace settlement process that was imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1919. The treaty imposed a number of harsh conditions on Germany. As a result of the treaty, Germany had to reduce its army to 100 000 men, and give up its air force altogether. Germany had to give away thirteen percent of its land, and hand over control of its overseas colonies. Germany was forced to pay over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6, 600, 000, 000 in war repatriations. Also, and significantly, the Treaty of Versailles demanded Germany accept full responsibility for starting the First World War. To assess Germany's treatment in the 1918/1919 settlement, it is useful to examine the motives behind the key negotiators, Germany's aims, and Germany's guilt The British public were very angry and were out for revenge. â€Å"Hang the Kaiser† and â€Å"Make Germany Pay† were both very common calls in the time just after the war and the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George could not afford politically to be easy on Germany. This shows that Britain's intentions when contributing to the Treaty of Versailles would have been to harshly punish Germany The then president of France, Georges Clemenceau, was determined to see that Germany was punished so harshly that it would never be able to start a war again, as he believed they had done. As was the case with the British, there was also widespread public anger towards Germany. The American President, Woodrow Wilson, was the third major participant in the treaty negotiations. He too wanted to punish Germany, but also had an interest in a stable Europe, which would depend on a stable Germany. Given the attitudes of the Allies who met in Paris for the peace negotiations, Germany's treatment in the Treaty of Versailles would definitely have been harsh, as all three entered the negotiations with a view to punishing Germany. When judged by its previous actions, it can be argues that Germany was not justified to expect a settlement any more favourable than what they received. They had already proven that in victory they could be as harsh as the Allies with the treaty they presented Russia upon their withdrawal from the war, the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. In this treaty, the Germans demanded that Russia hand over large areas of its territory and pay substantial repatriations. Given the harsh treatment the Germans imposed on Russia after its defeat, the treatment of Germany in the Treaty of Versailles can be justified. There is an argument that if Germany had won, they would have imposed penalties as harsh or harsher on the Allies. This supports the argument that the Treaty of Versailles was not too harsh on Germany. But perhaps the best way to determine whether or not the Treaty of Versailles was really harsh on Germany is to see the effect on Germany of the treaty, and the length of time it took for Germany to recover.

Spanish Phrases That Refer to Animals but Arent About Them

Just as the phrase raining cats and dogs doesnt have much to do with the four-legged creatures, neither does the Spanish phrase levantar la liebre have much to do with hares—it has to do with figuratively exposing or shedding light on something. It seems that whatever the language, we like to talk about animals even when were really talking about something else. Here are more than a dozen Spanish phrases, most of them colloquial and some of them humorous, that include the names of animals. You can communicate more like a native speaker if you use these phrases—just dont understand them too literally! Caballo (Horse) Someone or something trying to do or be two different things at once can be said to be a caballo entre (like a horse between) those things. Turquà ­a està ¡ a caballo entre dos mundos: geogrà ¡ficamente se ubica entre Europa y Asia, y culturalmente se encuentra desgarrada entre el islam y el Occidente. (Turkey has its feet planted in two worlds: Geographically it is located between Europe and Asia, and culturally it is torn between Islam and the West.) Cabra (Goat) Someone who is crazy, strange or weird can be said to be como una cabra (like a goat). Seguro que pensaron que estaba como una cabra. (Im sure they thought I was loony.) Elefante (Elephant) Como un elefante en una cacharrerà ­a (like an elephant in a pottery shop) is the equivalent of like a bull in a china shop. No entres como un elefante en una cacharrerà ­a. Tà ³mate tu tiempo e intenta recabar la informacià ³n necesaria para conocer la empresa. (Dont start out like a bull in a china shop. Take your time and try to gather the information needed to understand the business.) Gato (Cat) Someone who is extremely lucky by avoiding or recovering quickly from disasters can be said to tener mà ¡s vidas que un gato (have more lives than a cat). El joven ciclista demostrà ³ que posee mà ¡s vidas que un gato. (The young bicyclist showed he may get knocked down but is never out.) Incidentally, while English speakers often talk about cats having nine lives, Spanish speakers seem to think they have seven or nine. If theres a hidden or secret reason for something occurring, we might say aquà ­ hay gato encerrado (here there is an enclosed cat). Sometimes the phrase is the equivalent of theres something fishy going on. The phrase may have come from centuries ago when money was sometimes hidden in a small bag made of cats fur.\ Supongo que Pablo se daba cuenta de que aquà ­ habà ­a gato encerrado, pero no sabà ­a nada de nuestro secreto. (I suppose that Pablo noticed that something unusual was happening, but he didnt know anything about our secret.) To do something daring or risky—often when nobody else is willing—is to ponerle el cascabel al gato (put the bell on the cat). Similar expressions in English include to take the plunge or to stick ones neck out. This phrase is quite common in political contexts. Despuà ©s de seis aà ±os de dudas, indecisiones, explicaciones y excusas, el presidente finalmente le puso el cascabel al gato. (After six years of hesitation, indecision, explanations, and excuses, the president finally took the plunge.) Liebre (Hare) Hares were once far more valuable than cats, so dar gato por liebre or meter gato por liebre (providing a cat instead of a hare) came to mean to swindle or dupe someone. Me dieron gato por liebre cuando intentà © comprar mi mà ³vil por internet. (They ripped me off when I tried to buy my cellphone online.) To lift the hare, levantar la liebre, is to reveal a secret or something that had not been known. In English we might let the cat out of the bag. Era la atleta que levantà ³ la liebre del dopaje. (She was the athlete who who exposed the secretive practice of doping.) Lince (Lynx) If someone can see extremely well or is very good at noticing fine details, you can say that person has the vista de lince (lynxs eyesight) or ojo de lince (lynxs eye). Its just as we can talk about someone being or having an eagle eye. The word for eagle, à ¡guila, works in these phrases as well. Uno de los voluntarios, que tenà ­a un ojo de lince, descubrià ³ el abrigo de la nià ±a en el bosque. (One of the volunteers, who had eagle eyes, found the girls raincoat in the forest.) Mosca (Fly) Someone who is hypocritical or two-faced, especially someone who hides evil intentions beneath an aura of niceness, is a mosca muerta, or dead fly. La actriz dijo que su personaje en la nueva telenovela es la clà ¡sica mosca muerta, con cara de buena, pero villana por dentro. (The actress said that her character on the new telenovela is the classic hypocrite with a face of goodness but villainy on the inside.) Someone who rambles off the topic of conversation or talking about nothing important is comiendo moscas or eating flies. No me gusta la clase. El profesor continua comiendo moscas. (I dont like the class. The teacher keeps on drifting off the subject.) Pavo (Turkey) That time of adolescence that corresponds roughly to the teenage years is known as la edad del pavo, the age of the turkey. The term is colloquial but not derogatory. La edad del pavo es una etapa en la adolescencia donde los hijos necesitan mà ¡s orientacià ³n y carià ±o que nunca. (The teenage years is the state of adolescence where children need more guidance and care than ever.) Perro (Dog) If you believe someone is lying to you—or, colloquially, pulling your leg—you can respond with a otro perro con ese hueso (to another dog with that bone).  ¿Me dices que estudiaste toda la noche?  ¡A otro perro con ese hueso! (Youre telling me you studied all night? Baloney!) Pollo (Chicken) In English, you might sweat like a hog, but in Spanish its sweating like a chicken, sudar como un pollo. Esa noche sudà © como un pollo. Creo que perdà ­ dos kilos. (That night I sweated like a pig. I think I lost 2 kilograms.) In Colombia, a popular sauce-covered chicken dish is known as pollo sudado (sweated chicken). Tortuga (Turtle) In English, if were slow we might do something at a snails pace, but in Spanish its a turtles pace, a paso de tortuga. Los trabajos para la construccià ³n del nuevo mercado pà ºblico marchan a paso de tortuga. (Work toward the construction of the new public market is proceeding at a snails pace.) Tigre (Tigre) If something is more of the same to the point where it becomes irrelevant or nearly so, you can call it one more stripe for the tiger, una raya mà ¡s al tigre or una mancha mà ¡s al tigre. Aunque para muchos es simplemente una raya mà ¡s al tigre, me importa mucho su compromiso. (Although for many it doesnt make much difference, her promise matters a lot to me.)